90° Rotation,How To Install Heatpipe Cooler?
Prerequisite For Running Of Heatpipes
Workflow diagram for heatpipes
When it comes to heatpipe,we are quite familiar with it,as it is widely used in PC cooling,which is a technology that utilizes heat absorbing/dissipation during phase transition for cooling between two solid interfaces.
Typical heatpipe is made up of tube,wick and end cover.According to Wikipedia,"At the hot interface within a heat pipe,which is typically at a very low pressure,a liquid in contact with a thermally conductive solid surface turns into a vapor by absorbing the heat of that surface.The vapor condenses back into a liquid at the cold interface,releasing the latent heat. The liquid then returns to the hot interface through either capillary action or gravity action where it evaporates once more and repeats the cycle."
Basic structure of heatpipe
In general,the pipe is filled with a fraction of a percent by volume of working fluid chosen to match the operating temperature.For PC cooling,considering the cost factor,manufacturers commonly choose pure water and part addictive.Nonetheless some people will have this question in mind:why don’t we see the liquid after cutting off heatpipe.
Actually,there are few woking media in the heatpipe,as too much will cause the liquid blocking phenomenon and condensation side can’t work properly,but too little will bring another problem,liquid can’t fill in capillary structure which result in part drying of evaporation side.The factors like diameter of heatpipe,capillary structure and length of heatpipe will directly affect the liquid filling amount.The commonly seen 15cm heatpipe(6mm diameter) is with filling amount of about 0.5mm which is all filled in capillary structure.And therfore,even if we cut off heatpipe,we can’t see liquid outflowing.
Famous scientist Cotter had laid a solid theoretical foundation for heatpipe study,which was called Cotter theory.It mentioned prerequisite for normal running of heatpipes: △Pc ≥ △Pl + △Pv + △Pg
Working fluid in the heatpipe belongs to vapor/liquid phase counter flow,vapor will generate pressure drop △Pv from evaporation side flowing to condensation side,condensation liquid will generate pressure drop △Pl from condensation side flowing to evaporation side,while gravity towards liquid flow will generate pressure drop △Pg.△Pl+△Pv+△Pg forms resistance of working media backflow.In addition,recycling impetus △Pc is depended on capillary pressure generated by wick structure and working fluid.
Various limits existed in heat transfer of heatpipe
△Pv and △Pl increase along with adding of thermal load,which are mainly affected by some factors like viscosity/density of working media,length of heatpipes,etc.While △Pc is determined by wick structure,for example,radius of capillary pore is smaller but with bigger △Pc.What’s more,capillary structure provides limited capillary pressure for recycling,if the liquid can’t satisfy the evaporation amount,wick in the evaporation side will dry up,and then along with the soaring temperature on tube wall,to make matter worse,tube wall and heat source may be burnt out.This is the most commonly-seen capillary limit.
Apparently we are not studying these data(△Pc/△Pv/△Pl),especially,we only care for △Pg,which is the pressure drop caused by gravity towards liquid flow.When evaporation side lies above the condensation side,working liquid backflow should overcome the gravity effect,certainly while condensation side lies above,gravity will accelerate liquid backflow.
Page 1: Prerequisite For Running Of Heatpipes
Page 2: TRad Series Graphics Coolers
Page 3: The Way We Test
Page 4: Traditional Graphics Coolers Stages
Page 5: TRad Stream Coolers:Beyond Imagination
Page 6: Conclusion:Install Heatpipe Cooler In This Way
November 25th, 2010 at 12:45 pm
Great technical article but the vertical/horizontal is bit confusing
installing the cooler with the heatpipes vertically improves the cooling performance? your charts are contradictory to your statement, you should fix that.
December 6th, 2010 at 9:26 am
Like Viper said, your graph contradicts your statements. You define “vertical” as the stock orientation of the RV02 on page 2 in your diagram. The “vertical” orientation is better on your results… The page 2 diagram’s definition of vertical and your result’s definition of vertical are not the same.
December 6th, 2010 at 4:53 pm
If you guys go to Thermacore’s site you’d see their heatpipes and vapor chamers can be oriented in any directon and used in a wide variety of applications including aircraft systems, which have no up and down sometimes. It is largely a myth that these are gravity dependant due to wicking structure.
I have an old Asetek VapoChill Micro air cooler, one of the first gen heatpipe coolers with R134 vapor instead instead of water vapor, unfortunately it did not have any wicking and needed to be vertical to work at all.
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August 19th, 2011 at 1:02 am
I think the difference is due to fin orientation, not heatpipe performance. I inquired thermalright about heatpipe performance and their testing shows that their heat pipes will perform well with evaporation chamber high, meaning that the wick can indeed overcome gravity.
If fins are vertical, the direction of convection-driven airflow is parallel to the surface of the fins, allowing a larger surface of the fins to come into contact with the cold air, which improves performance (that is why the fins are flat). That is why all heatsinks are designed with air flowing along the surface of the fins. In fanless mode, this has to be orientated in the direction of natural convection to get good performance.
With rotated mounting, the convection airflow is past the edges of the fins, not along the surface which gives less cooling. Airflow is crucial for heatsink performance since the air is a poor heat conductor. Without case fans this would be even more important since the horizontal airflow generated by the case fans in the rotated test probably mitigated the problem a little.
For a GFX heatsink to be suitable for rotated cases, i think the fins have to be orientated so airflow toward the top of the case is parallel to the fin surfaces and meets as little resistance as possible.
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August 31st, 2011 at 3:26 pm
If you’re confused, page two is saying vertical as in the GFX card is verticle, not the chassis. That’s why later they clarify that Vertical RV02 results in Horizontal GPUs.
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